Metadata

Name Visual impairment and blindness (blind)
Category Eye
Sex
Adult Yes
UUID c38267dd-113c-4222-94b5-55311e2335c8
Definition An eye disease characterized by a lack or loss of vision.

Ontologies

Disease Ontology (DOID) DOID_1432
GWAS Catalogue MONDO_0021084
MeSH D001766
SNOMED-CT 397540003
FinnGen H7_BLINDANDVISIMPAIRMENT

Key Summary Statistics

Cases from any source

Total 3547
Female (%) 1711 (48%)
Male (%) 1836 (52%)

Year first recorded

blind year of first event

Cases linked in all UK Biobank sources

Cross-source concordance

Vertical bars correspond to number of cases per source/intersection; horizontal bars to left correspond to total number of cases per source.

Cross-sourced blind cases

Incidence & prevalence

Sex and age-stratified incidence and prevalence of blind

Baseline prevalence stratified by sex

Female 30.65 (26.93,34.37)
Male 42.98 (38.18,47.78)

Incidence stratified by sex

Female 3.31 (2.84,3.79)
Male 4.63 (4.02,5.25)

Incidence stratified by age

Ages 40-44 1.31 (0.6,2.02)
Ages 45-49 2.16 (1.37,2.94)
Ages 50-54 3.18 (2.3,4.06)
Ages 55-59 2.87 (2.11,3.63)
Ages 60-64 4.74 (3.91,5.58)
Ages 65-69 6.93 (5.77,8.08)

Period prevalence

Methods

Comparison with general population

Sex-standardised prevalence from CALIBER study (Kuan et al. 2019)

CALIBER and UKB blind prevalence comparison for multiple age groups

Population Ages 40-49 Ages 50-59 Ages 60-69
UK Biobank 38 (32,44) 56 (50,62) 76 (70,82)
CALIBER 55 (53,57) 82 (79,85) 135 (131,139)

Stratified by age and Townsend deprivation status

Deprivation status Ages 40-49 Ages 50-59 Ages 60-69
Least deprived 20(11,33) 37(27,49) 65(54,78)
Low 20(10,34) 36(26,48) 69(58,82)
Medium 38(26,55) 60(47,75) 66(55,78)
High 25(16,38) 57(44,71) 76(64,91)
Most deprived 72(57,91) 87(72,105) 110(94,127)

Stratified by age and country

Country Ages 40-49 Ages 50-59 Ages 60-69
England 37(31,44) 55(48,61) 78(71,84)
Scotland 37(22,59) 56(41,74) 62(48,80)
Wales 44(23,75) 66(46,92) 80(60,104)

Risk factors analysis

‘Healthy’ BMI, smoking status ‘never’, or no hypertension (absence of hypertension records) were considered as reference values.

Hazard Ratio (HR) values with P < 0.0002 were considered to show significant association with disease onset after correction for multiple-testing using the Bonferroni method

N=153508, Events=407

Factor Level Hazard Ratio P value
BMI overweight 0.96 (0.75, 1.22) 0.716
BMI obese 1.36 (1.06, 1.76) 0.0167
BMI underweight 0 (0, Inf) 0.986
smoking previous 1.37 (1.1, 1.7) 0.00438
smoking current 2.14 (1.6, 2.85) 2.26e-07
hypertension yes 1.88 (1.53, 2.31) 1.47e-09

Definition

UK Biobank field id Description Code Value
41202 Diagnoses - main ICD10 H54 Visual impairment including blindness (binocular or monocular)
41204 Diagnoses - secondary ICD10 H54 Visual impairment including blindness (binocular or monocular)
40001 Underlying (primary) cause of death: ICD10 H54 Visual impairment including blindness (binocular or monocular)
40002 Contributory (secondary) causes of death: ICD10 H54 Visual impairment including blindness (binocular or monocular)
42040 GP clinical event records 1B75.00 Loss of vision
42040 GP clinical event records 2B6A.11 O/E - blind R-eye
42040 GP clinical event records 2B6B.00 O/E - R-eye completely blind
42040 GP clinical event records 2B6S.00 O/E - pinhole R-eye completely blind
42040 GP clinical event records 2B7A.11 O/E - blind L-eye
42040 GP clinical event records 2B7B.00 O/E - L-eye completely blind
42040 GP clinical event records 2B7S.00 O/E - pinhole L-eye completely blind
42040 GP clinical event records 2BBo.00 O/E - sight threatening diabetic retinopathy
42040 GP clinical event records 2BBr.00 Impaired vision due to diabetic retinopathy
42040 GP clinical event records 6688 Registered partially sighted
42040 GP clinical event records 6688.11 Registered partially blind
42040 GP clinical event records 6689 Registered blind
42040 GP clinical event records 6689.11 Registered severely sight impaired
42040 GP clinical event records 668D.00 Registered sight impaired
42040 GP clinical event records 8F61.00 Blind rehabilitation
42040 GP clinical event records 8F62.00 Blind lead dog rehabilitation
42040 GP clinical event records 8F6..11 Blind rehabilitation
42040 GP clinical event records 8HlE.00 Referral to visual impairment multidisciplinary team
42040 GP clinical event records 9m08.00 Excluded from diabetic retinopathy screening as blind
42040 GP clinical event records 9NfB.00 Requires deafblind communicator guide
42040 GP clinical event records 9NlD.00 Seen by visual impairment teacher
42040 GP clinical event records F404100 Blind hypotensive eye
42040 GP clinical event records F404200 Blind hypertensive eye
42040 GP clinical event records F490000 Unspecified blindness both eyes
42040 GP clinical event records F490100 Both eyes total visual impairment
42040 GP clinical event records F490200 Better eye: near total VI, Lesser eye: unspecified
42040 GP clinical event records F490400 Better eye: near total VI, Lesser eye: near total VI
42040 GP clinical event records F490600 Better eye: profound VI, Lesser eye: total VI
42040 GP clinical event records F490900 Acquired blindness, both eyes
42040 GP clinical event records F490.00 Blindness, both eyes
42040 GP clinical event records F490z00 Blindness both eyes NOS
42040 GP clinical event records F491000 One eye blind, one eye low vision
42040 GP clinical event records F491100 Better eye: severe VI, Lesser eye: blind, unspecified
42040 GP clinical event records F491300 Better eye: severe VI, Lesser eye: near total VI
42040 GP clinical event records F491400 Better eye: severe VI, Lesser eye: profound VI
42040 GP clinical event records F491500 Better eye: moderate VI, Lesser eye: blind, unspecified
42040 GP clinical event records F491700 Better eye: moderate VI, Lesser eye: near total VI
42040 GP clinical event records F491.00 Better eye: low vision, Lesser eye: profound VI
42040 GP clinical event records F491z00 One eye blind, one eye low vision NOS
42040 GP clinical event records F492000 Low vision, both eyes unspecified
42040 GP clinical event records F492200 Better eye: severe VI, Lesser eye: severe VI
42040 GP clinical event records F492300 Better eye: moderate VI, Lesser eye: low vision unspecified
42040 GP clinical event records F492400 Better eye: moderate VI, Lesser eye: severe VI
42040 GP clinical event records F492500 Better eye: moderate VI, Lesser eye: moderate VI
42040 GP clinical event records F492.00 Low vision, both eyes
42040 GP clinical event records F492z00 Low vision, both eyes NOS
42040 GP clinical event records F493.00 Visual loss, both eyes unqualified
42040 GP clinical event records F494.00 Legal blindness USA
42040 GP clinical event records F495000 Blindness, one eye, unspecified
42040 GP clinical event records F495100 Lesser eye: total visual impairment, Better eye: unspecified
42040 GP clinical event records F495200 Lesser eye: total VI, Better eye: near normal vision
42040 GP clinical event records F495300 Lesser eye: total VI, Better eye: normal vision
42040 GP clinical event records F495400 Lesser eye: near total VI, Better eye: unspecified
42040 GP clinical event records F495500 Lesser eye: near total VI, Better eye: near normal vision
42040 GP clinical event records F495600 Lesser eye: near total VI, Better eye: normal vision
42040 GP clinical event records F495800 Lesser eye: profound VI, Better eye: near normal vision
42040 GP clinical event records F495A00 Acquired blindness, one eye
42040 GP clinical event records F495.00 Profound impairment, one eye
42040 GP clinical event records F495z00 Profound impairment one eye NOS
42040 GP clinical event records F496000 Low vision, one eye, unspecified
42040 GP clinical event records F496100 Lesser eye: severe VI, Better eye: unspecified
42040 GP clinical event records F496200 Lesser eye: severe VI, Better eye: near normal vision
42040 GP clinical event records F496300 Lesser eye: severe VI, Better eye: normal vision
42040 GP clinical event records F496400 Lesser eye: moderate VI, Better eye: unspecified
42040 GP clinical event records F496500 Lesser eye: moderate VI, Better eye: near normal vision
42040 GP clinical event records F496600 Lesser eye: moderate VI, Better eye: normal vision
42040 GP clinical event records F496.00 Low vision, one eye
42040 GP clinical event records F496z00 Low vision, one eye NOS
42040 GP clinical event records F497.00 Severe visual impairment, binocular
42040 GP clinical event records F498.00 Moderate visual impairment, binocular
42040 GP clinical event records F499.00 Mild or no visual impairment, binocular
42040 GP clinical event records F49A.00 Blindness, monocular
42040 GP clinical event records F49B.00 Severe visual impairment, monocular
42040 GP clinical event records F49C.00 Moderate visual impairment, monocular
42040 GP clinical event records F49..00 Blindness and low vision
42040 GP clinical event records F49..11 Impaired vision
42040 GP clinical event records F49..13 Partial sight
42040 GP clinical event records F49..14 Sight impaired
42040 GP clinical event records F49y.00 Visual loss, one eye, unqualified
42040 GP clinical event records F49z000 Charles Bonnet syndrome
42040 GP clinical event records F49z.00 Visual loss NOS
42040 GP clinical event records F49z.11 Acquired blindness
42040 GP clinical event records F4H7300 Cortical blindness
42040 GP clinical event records Fy1..00 Combined visual and hearing impairment
42040 GP clinical event records FyuL.00 [X]Visual disturbances and blindness
42040 GP clinical event records SJ0z.11 Blindness - traumatic - NOS
42040 GP clinical event records Z961.00 Provision of guide help for visual and hearing impairment
42040 GP clinical event records Z962.00 Provision of communicator for visual and hearing impairment
42040 GP clinical event records Z96..00 Provision for visual and hearing impairment
42040 GP clinical event records ZK74.00 Issue of local authority blind registration
42040 GP clinical event records ZN56800 Blind telephone user
42040 GP clinical event records ZN56A00 Deaf-blind telephone user
42040 GP clinical event records ZRhO.00 Reynell Zinkin language scale for the visually impaired
42040 GP clinical event records ZRr6.00 Vineland maturity scales adapted for the blind
42040 GP clinical event records ZV41000 [V]Problems with sight
42040 GP clinical event records XaE6t Acquired blindness, one eye
42040 GP clinical event records XaPjK Excluded from diabetic retinopathy screening as blind
42040 GP clinical event records XaPen Impaired vision due to diabetic retinopathy
42040 GP clinical event records XaE6s Acquired blindness, both eyes
42040 GP clinical event records XaJTV O/E - pinhole L-eye completely blind
42040 GP clinical event records XE1i2 O/E-L-eye perceives light only
42040 GP clinical event records XaKcS O/E - sight threatening diabetic retinopathy
42040 GP clinical event records XaW0l Registered sight impaired
42040 GP clinical event records XaPtF Seen by visual impairment teacher
42040 GP clinical event records XaQ8m Referral to visual impairment multidisciplinary team
42040 GP clinical event records XE15r Blind hypertensive eye
42040 GP clinical event records XE16M Visual loss NOS
42040 GP clinical event records XE1i1 O/E-R-eye perceives light only
42040 GP clinical event records Ua1f0 Blindness, monocular
42040 GP clinical event records XaYB3 Requires deafblind communicator guide
42040 GP clinical event records XaJTZ O/E - pinhole R-eye completely blind
42040 GP clinical event records XaYPJ Combined visual and hearing impairment
42040 GP clinical event records XE1o4 Optic nerve or pathway injury NOS